Modern research progress in external application of traditional Chinese medicine to acupoints / 中国中药杂志

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has a long history and abundant experience in external therapy, which marks human wisdom. In the early history of human, people found that fumigation, coating, and sticking of some tree branches and herb stems can help alleviate scabies and remove parasites in productive labor, which indicates the emergence of external therapy. Pathogen usually enters the body through the surface, so external therapy can be used to treat the disease. External therapy is among the major characteristic of surgery of TCM. As one of the external therapies in TCM, external application to acupoints smooths the zang-fu organs through meridians and collaterals, thereby harmonizing yin and yang. This therapy emerged in the early society, formed the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, improved in the Song and Ming dynasties, and matured in the Qing dynasty. With the efforts of experts in history, it has had a mature theory. According to modern research, it can avoid the first-pass effect of liver and the gastrointestinal irritation and improve the bioavailability of Chinese medicine. Based on the effect of Chinese medicine and the theory of meridian and collateral, it can stimulate the acupoints, exert regulatory effect on acupoints, and give full play to the efficacy of TCM and the interaction of the two. Thereby, it can regulate qi and blood and balance yin and yang, thus being widely used in the treatment of diseases. In this paper, the use of external application to acupoints, the effect on skin immunity, the regulation of neuro-inflammatory mechanism, the relationship between acupoint application and human circulation network, and the development of its dosage form were summarized through literature review. On this basis, this study is expected to lay a foundation for further research.

The Association between Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke and Disease in the Chinese Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the association between exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) and 23 diseases, categorized into four classifications, among the Chinese population.@*METHODS@#We searched the literature up to June 30, 2021, and eligible studies were identified according to the PECOS format: Participants and Competitors (Chinese population), Exposure (SHS), Outcomes (Disease or Death), and Study design (Case-control or Cohort).@*RESULTS@#In total, 53 studies were selected. The odds ratio (OR) for all types of cancer was 1.79 (1.56-2.05), and for individual cancers was 1.92 (1.42-2.59) for lung cancer, 1.57 (1.40-1.76) for breast cancer, 1.52 (1.12-2.05) for bladder cancer, and 1.37 (1.08-1.73) for liver cancer. The OR for circulatory system diseases was 1.92 (1.29-2.85), with a value of 2.29 (1.26-4.159) for stroke. The OR of respiratory system diseases was 1.76 (1.13-2.74), with a value of 1.82 (1.07-3.11) for childhood asthma. The original ORs were also shown for other diseases. Subgroup analyses were performed for lung and breast cancer. The ORs varied according to time period and were significant during exposure in the household; For lung cancer, the OR was significant in women.@*CONCLUSION@#The effect of SHS exposure in China was similar to that in Western countries, but its definition and characterization require further clarification. Studies on the association between SHS exposure and certain diseases with high incidence rates are insufficient.

Benefits of running on cardiac protection and the culture of exercise health awareness / Benefícios da corrida para a proteção cardíaca e a cultura da consciência sanitária do exercício / Beneficios de la carrera para la protección cardíaca y el cultivo de la conciencia de la salud del ejercicio

ABSTRACT Introduction: Several programs to encourage physical activity has been encouraged to reduce the sedentary lifestyle in China. Running is among them because it has potentially positive effects on cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia, in addition to the intrinsic psychological and social benefits of outdoor sports. Objective: Explore the protective effect of running on the cardiac system by analyzing strategies for cultivating exercise health awareness. Methods: A group of ten healthy volunteers, five women aged 25-35 years, underwent a 45-minute running program, performed four times a week for three weeks. Data collected by spirometry and cardiac monitoring were collected, treated, compared, and discussed. This paper introduced the concept of subjective exercise intensity to find the best analysis and judgment of Cardiac Function. Finally, a quantitative investigation involving the analysis of 315 questionnaires explored the current status of sports health awareness in running fans. Results: Heart rate amplitude during running remained in the range of 120-160, belonging to the normal heart rate range for the surveyed audience. In most cases, women's heart rate was higher than men's (P<0.05). The exercise intensity was fixed at a frequency below the value of 16, which is a slightly strenuous stage, and the relative exercise intensity was controlled between 50% and 71.5%. Conclusion: Running has a good cardiac protective effect, and its followers are highly aware of sports health. Due to the beneficial effect of sports practice, its dissemination is recommended as a form of physical and social therapeutic activity. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Com o intuito de reduzir o índice de sedentarismo na China, diversos programas de incentivo à atividade física foram estimulados. A corrida está dentre eles pois tem potenciais efeitos positivos nas doenças cardiovasculares, hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus e hipercolesterolemia, além dos benefícios psicológicos e sociais intrínsecos na prática esportiva ao ar livre. Objetivo: Explorar o efeito protetor da corrida no sistema cardíaco analisando as estratégias para a cultura da consciência sanitária do exercício. Métodos: Um grupo de dez voluntários saudáveis, com cinco mulheres e idade entre 25 a 35 anos foram submetidos a um programa de corrida por 45 minutos, realizado quatro vezes por semana, durante três semanas. Dados coletados por espirometria e monitoramento cardíaco foram coletados, tratados, comparados e discutidos. Este artigo introduziu o conceito de intensidade de exercício subjetivo para encontrar a melhor análise e julgamento da Função Cardíaca. Por fim, uma investigação quantitativa envolvendo a análise de 315 questionários explorou a situação atual da conscientização em saúde esportiva em adeptos da corrida. Resultados: A amplitude de frequência cardíaca durante a corrida manteve-se na faixa de 120-160, pertencente à faixa normal de frequência cardíaca ao público pesquisado. A frequência cardíaca das mulheres foi maior do que a dos homens na maioria dos casos (P<0,05). A intensidade do exercício fixou-se numa frequência inferior ao valor de 16, que é um estágio ligeiramente extenuante, e a intensidade relativa do exercício ficou controlada entre 50% e 71,5%. Conclusão: A corrida apresenta um bom efeito protetor cardíaco, seus adeptos possuem elevada conscientização da saúde esportiva. Devido ao efeito salutar da prática esportiva, recomenda-se a sua divulgação como forma de atividade terapêutica física e social. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Con el fin de reducir el estilo de vida sedentario en China, se han estimulado varios programas para fomentar la actividad física. La carrera se encuentra entre ellos porque tiene potenciales efectos positivos sobre las enfermedades cardiovasculares, la hipertensión, la diabetes mellitus y la hipercolesterolemia, además de los beneficios psicológicos y sociales intrínsecos del deporte al aire libre. Objetivo: Explorar el efecto protector de correr sobre el sistema cardíaco analizando las estrategias para cultivar la conciencia de la salud del ejercicio. Métodos: Un grupo de diez voluntarios sanos, cinco mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre los 25 y los 35 años, fueron sometidos a un programa de carrera durante 45 minutos, realizado cuatro veces por semana durante tres semanas. Los datos recogidos por la espirometría y la monitorización cardíaca fueron recogidos, tratados, comparados y discutidos. Este trabajo introdujo el concepto de intensidad subjetiva del ejercicio para encontrar el mejor análisis y juicio de la Función Cardíaca. Por último, una investigación cuantitativa que incluyó el análisis de 315 cuestionarios exploró el estado actual de la conciencia de la salud deportiva en los aficionados a las carreras. Resultados: La amplitud de la frecuencia cardíaca durante la carrera se mantuvo en el rango de 120-160, perteneciendo al rango de frecuencia cardíaca normal para el público encuestado. La frecuencia cardíaca de las mujeres fue mayor que la de los hombres en la mayoría de los casos (P<0,05). La intensidad del ejercicio se fijó en una frecuencia inferior al valor de 16, que es una etapa ligeramente agotadora, y la intensidad relativa del ejercicio se controló entre el 50% y el 71,5%. Conclusión: La acción de correr presenta un buen efecto cardioprotector, sus adeptos poseen alta conciencia de la salud deportiva. Debido al efecto saludable de la práctica deportiva, se recomienda su difusión como forma de actividad terapéutica física y social. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Morphological configuration and topography of the brain arterial supply of the one-humped camel ( Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758) / Configuración morfológica y topografía del suministro arterial del encéfalo del camello de una joroba ( Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758)

This study investigated the anatomy of the arteries of the brain, including the arterial circle of the brain, its branches and junctions, in five camel (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758) following intravascular injection of colored latex via common carotid artery. The course and distribution of the arterial supply to the brain was described and morphological analysis was made. The basilar artery contributed to the blood supply of the brain in the camel in contrast to the situation in other Artiodactyla order.

En presente estudio se analizó la anatomía de las arterias del encéfalo en cinco camellos (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758). Después de administrar una inyección intravascular de látex coloreado en la arteria carótida común se estudiaron las arterias incluyendo al círculo arterial del cerebro, sus ramas y uniones. Fueron descritos en detalle el curso y la distribución del suministro arterial al encéfalo y se realizó un análisis morfológico. La arteria basilar contribuyó al suministro de sangre del encéfalo del camello, diferenciando este aspecto en otras especies de Artiodactyla.

Mortalidad por enfermedades del sistema circulatorio, en los municipios del área metropolitana, Antioquia, 1998-2014 / Mortality due to circulatory system diseases in the municipalities of the metropolitan area of Antioquia, 1998-2014 / Mortandade decorrente das doenças alusivas ao aparelho circulatório, nos municípios da área metropolitana, Antioquia, 1998-2014

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la mortalidad por enfermedades del sistema circulatorio, en los municipios del área metropolitana, Antioquia, entre 1998 y 2014. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los 78 734 registros de defunciones, usando proyecciones poblacionales del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísticas. Se calcularon las tasas según variables como edad, sexo, municipio y las principales enfermedades del sistema. Se compararon dos periodos de tiempo, donde se seleccionan los primeros y los últimos cuatro años de estudio. Resultados: La mortalidad fue mayor en el área metropolitana en relación con el departamento de Antioquia en el periodo estudiado; las enfermedades isquémicas del corazón presentan las tasas y defunciones más altas en relación con las demás causas de defunciones, seguida de las cerebrovasculares e hipertensivas. Los grupos de mayor edad (65 años y más) fueron los que presentaron el mayor riesgo de morir por estas causas. Con relación a la tendencia por sexo, la población masculina tuvo un riesgo mayor que la femenina en un 7 %. Los municipios de Bello y Barbosa presentaron las tasas ajustadas más altas para todo el periodo de estudio; la tasa más baja la expresó el municipio de Envigado. Conclusiones: El 26,6 % de la mortalidad se debe a esta causa. Los grupos identificados con mayor riesgo de muerte por ella deberían recibir prioritariamente las medidas de prevención, diagnóstico y manejo por parte de las instituciones encargadas de su salud.

Abstract Objective: To describe the mortality due to circulatory system diseases in the municipalities of the metropolitan area of Antioquia between 1998 and 2014. Methodology: A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted on 78 734 death records using population projections from the National Administrative Department of Statistics. Rates were calculated based on variables such as age, sex, municipality and the system's main diseases. Two time periods were compared; in these, the first and last four years of study were selected. Results: Mortality was higher in the metropolitan area when compared with the department of Antioquia during the studied time period. Ischemic heart conditions had the highest rates and amount of deaths in relation to the other causes of death. As for cerebrovascular and hypertensive conditions, these occupied the second place. The oldest groups (aged 65 and beyond) had the highest risk of dying from these causes. As for the tendency by sex, the risk was 7% higher for the male population than for the females. The Bello and Barbosa municipalities had the highest adjusted rates during the entirety of the studied period. The lowest rate was observed for the Envigado municipality. Conclusions: This is the cause of 26.6% of the mortality. The groups identified as having a higher risk of death from this condition should receive priority prevention, diagnosis and management measures from the institutions in charge of their health.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever a mortandade decorrentes das doenças no aparelho circulatório, nos municípios da área metropolitana, Antioquia, entre 1998 e 2014. Metodologia: Se realizou um estudo descritivo recuando a rever dos 78 734 cadastros de óbitos, nós virando utentes da metodologia de projeções populacionais do Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estatísticas. Se mensuraram os índices segundo as variáveis como a etária, gênero, município e as principais doenças do sistema. Se fiz um versus dos períodos de tempo, onde se escolhem os primeiros e os finais quatro anos de estudo. Resultantes: A mortandade foi maioritária na área metropolitana num versus na frente da cifra do departamento de Antioquia no lapsus de tempo estudado; as doenças isquêmicas do coração apresentam os índices e óbitos maioritários num versus na frente das outras causais de falecimentos, continuada pelas cerebrovasculares e hipertensão. Os grupos de mais avançada idade (65 anos ou mais) foram os que apresentaram o mais grande risco de morrer por meio destas causais. Com relação a propensão pelo gênero, a comunidade masculina teve um risco mais predominante do que a feminina num 7 %. Os municípios de Bello e Barbosa apresentaram as taxas ajustadas mais altas para todo o lapsus estudado; o índice mais baixo o amostrou o município de Envigado. Conclusões: O 26,6 % da mortandade se deve a esta causal. Os grupos identificados com pior risco de morte por ela deveriam receber prioritariamente as medidas de prevenção, diagnoses e manejo por parte das instituições encarregadas da sua saúde.

Mechanism of Borneolum Syntheticum Effect on Central Nervous and Vascular System Diseases / 中国实验方剂学杂志

In traditional Chinese medicine, Borneolum Syntheticum, a representative drug of aromatic orifice, is often widely used in the clinical treatment of neurotic diseases.In recent years, many scholars at home and abroad have studied and analyzed the effective components and pharmacological effects of Borneolum Syntheticum,and it is considered that Borneolum Syntheticum alone has a significant effect on brain diseases.In this paper, the mechanism of Borneolum Syntheticum on cerebral circulatory system and central nervous system is discussed.In inhibiting brain injury, Borneolum Syntheticum can reduce neuronal vascular endothelial injury, reduce brain edema and decrease the content of Ca2+ in ischemic brain tissue.In the aspect of anti-inflammation, Borneolum Syntheticum can reduce the expression of induced nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), the number of leukocyte infiltration, the number of intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) positive vessels and the number of TNF-α positive cells.In regulating the blood-brain barrier, Borneolum Syntheticum can increase the expression of zonula occluden-1(ZO-1) and claudin-5 protein in microvascular endothelial cells.The strength of the transdermal absorption of the Borneolum Syntheticum may be related to its configuration, the ability to extract the lipid, and the hydrophilicity.The effect of Borneolum Syntheticum on improving the bioavailability of other drugs is widely used in clinic.Nasal administration of Borneolum Syntheticum can bypass blood-brain barrier (BBB), and reach the central nervous system of the brain. It has a good prospect in the treatment of cerebrovascular disease.In the treatment of brain diseases such as seizures and Alzheimer' s disease, the mechanism of Borneolum Syntheticum is closely related to its effect on various brain neurotransmitters such as γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA),glycine acid(GLY), D-aspartic acid(ASP), glutamic acid(GLU),β-endorphin(β-EP), norepinephrine(NE),epinephrine(E),5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT),dopamine(DA). However, the experimental results are not the same. It may be related to the different dosage and time of Borneolum Syntheticum administration, which needs to be studied.

Teaching reform and students' satisfaction survey of "organ-centered" integrated curriculum for circulatory system / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective@#To investigate students' satisfaction degree on "organ-centered" integrated teaching model for Circulatory Disease, and reveal potential problems and propose improvement methods.@*Methods@#All grade 2016 students from the second department of clinical medicine and pediatrics major were selected as study objects and students' satisfaction degree on "organ-centered" integrated curriculum for circulatory system were investigated. Self-designed questionnaires were adopted; eighteen questions related to the satisfaction degree were designed; questionnaires were distributed and collected by WJX software. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis and word frequency analysis of the results were performed using R software.@*Result@#The results of the questionnaire showed that students were not satisfied with the integrated teaching model. Word frequency analysis showed that students' problems mainly were limited class hours but too many learning content, fast teaching speed and insufficient curriculum integration. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis further showed that students' satisfaction degree was related to their mastery of knowledge and post-class review (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Our teaching and research section should fully summarize the teaching experience and shortcomings in the "organ-centered" integrated curriculum for Circulatory System Disease, and try our best to make the in-class teaching clearer, integrate the basic and clinical knowledge, encourage students to review lessons in time and cultivate their ability of independent learning, so as to ultimately improve students' satisfaction for teaching and teachers' teaching quality.

Teaching reform and students' satisfaction survey of "organ-centered" integrated curriculum for circulatory system / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To investigate students' satisfaction degree on "organ-centered" integrated teaching model for Circulatory Disease,and reveal potential problems and propose improvement methods.Methods All grade 2016 students from the second department of clinical medicine and pediatrics major were selected as study objects and students' satisfaction degree on "organ-centered" integrated curriculum for circulatory system were investigated.Self-designed questionnaires were adopted; eighteen questions related to the satisfaction degree were designed; questionnaires were distributed and collected by WJX software.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis and word frequency analysis of the results were performed using R software.Result The results of the questionnaire showed that students were not satisfied with the integrated teaching model.Word frequency analysis showed that students' problems mainly were limited class hours but too many learning content,fast teaching speed and insufficient curriculum integration.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis further showed that students' satisfaction degree was related to their mastery of knowledge and post-class review(P＜0.05).Conclusion Our teaching and research section should fully summarize the teaching experience and shortcomings in the "organ-centered" integrated curriculum for Circulatory System Disease,and try our best to make the in-class teaching clearer,integrate the basic and clinical knowledge,encourage students to review lessons in time and cultivate their ability of independent learning,so as to ultimately improve students' satisfaction for teaching and teachers' teaching quality.

Functional and adaptive status of the first-year students' cardiovascular system / 国际药学研究杂志

The features of adaptation and functionality of the first-year students’ cardiovascular system at the beginning (1st stage) and at the end (2nd stage) of the school year by parameters of hemodynamics and heart rate variability (HRV) were studied. It is established that from the beginning to the end of the school year the disadaptation of the cardiovascular system by parameters of central hemodynamics and HRV increases in most of the students. Under relative rest conditions, students’ heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) at the 2nd stage increased (p< 0.05) in comparison to age norms and their values identified at the 1st stage. At the 2nd stage, adaptive potential (AP) values indicated expressed diastolic myocardial stress. At the 1st stage, the average level of training and physical performance was revealed in students by average values of Robinson index (RI), the 2nd stage showed decrease in aerobic support of the myocardium and its adaptive capabilities. According to the adaptive capacity (AC) average values, students at both stages were under adaptation failure condition.At both stages, the students demonstrated normotony according to R-R and heart rate parameters with increased of parasympathetic effects on the HR modulation at the 2nd stage. 58% and 66% of the first-year students, according to individual values of TI at the 1st and 2nd stages respectively, revealed poor adaptation, 29% and 25% of them showed the state of adaptation failure, the rest of them demonstrated satisfactory adaptation.

A Review on Mock Circulatory Systems for in vitro Hemodynamic Performance Evaluation of Ventricular Assist Devices / 医用生物力学

Mock circulatory system (MCS) is an experimental platform for simulating hemodynamic performance of human circulatory system, and has been widely used in in-vitro hemodynamic performance evaluation of passive devices such as ventricular assist devices (VADs), artificial valves, as well as hemodynamic responses of mock circulation loop. MCSs are capable of simulating various physiological conditions, including health, exercise, and heart failure, by adjusting drive element of heart simulator and lumped-parameter element of vasculature components. Since 1 960 s, the research and development target of MSCs has evolved from meeting the basic performance evaluation requirement of VADs and mechanical valve to mimicking local hemodynamic characteristics in vital organs. This review summarizes the design principles, system construction of MCSs as well as its research progress and future prospects.

In vitro simulation experimental study of a fully magnetically levitated ventricular assist device based on mock circulatory system / 医用生物力学

Objective To investigate the circulatory supporting effect of the third generation fully magnetically levitated China Heart ventricular assist device (CH-VAD) under heart failure (HF) condition. Methods An in vitro mock circulatory system (MCS) was developed. This system could simulate a healthy adult under resting state and a patient with heart failure, and incorporate the CH-VAD to evaluate the assisting performance under continuous flow mode. Furthermore, CH-VAD was equipped with a pulsatile flow controller and its initial performance was accessed. The pulsatile mode was obtained by using sinusoidal velocity waveform of the pump which synchronized the CH-VAD with the ventricle simulator of the MCS. Results CH-VAD under continuous flow mode could recover the hemodynamic parameters (arterial pressure and cardiac output) under HF condition to normal range. Preliminary pulsatile test results showed that amplitude of current pulse speed had a minor influence on the hemodynamic performance. CH-VAD under continuous flow and pulsatile flow mode could obtain comparable mean arterial pressure, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure and mean flow. Conclusions CH-VAD can generate a certain degree of speed pulse via appropriate pulsatility control, so as to provide sufficient support on ventricular function. Further optimization on pulsatile controller of CH-VAD is required to conform to natural physiology. The developed MCS can be utilized as an effective and controllable in vitro platform for design, optimization and verification of VADs or other mechanical circulatory support devices.

In vitro simulation experimental study of a fully magnetically levitated ventricular assist device based on mock circulatory system / 医用生物力学

Objective To investigate the circulatory supporting effect of the third generation fully magnetically levitated China Heart ventricular assist device (CH-VAD) under heart failure (HF) condition.Methods An in vitro mock circulatory system (MCS) was developed.This system could simulate a healthy adult under resting state and a patient with heart failure,and incorporate the CH-VAD to evaluate the assisting performance under continuous flow mode.Furthermore,CH-VAD was equipped with a pulsatile flow controller and its initial performance was accessed.The pulsatile mode was obtained by using sinusoidal velocity waveform of the pump which synchronized the CH-VAD with the ventricle simulator of the MCS.Results CH-VAD under continuous flow mode could recover the hemodynamic parameters (arterial pressure and cardiac output) under HF condition to normal range.Preliminary pulsatile test results showed that amplitude of current pulse speed had a minor influence on the hemodynamic performance.CH-VAD under continuous flow and pulsatile flow mode could obtain comparable mean arterial pressure,systolic arterial pressure,diastolic arterial pressure and mean flow.Conclusions CH-VAD can generate a certain degree of speed pulse via appropriate pulsatility control,so as to provide sufficient support on ventricular function.Further optimization on pulsatile controller of CH-VAD is required to conform to natural physiology.The developed MCS can be utilized as an effective and controllable in vitro platform for design,optimization and verification of VADs or other mechanical circulatory support devices.

In vitro simulation experimental study of a fully magnetically levitated ventricular assist device based on mock circulatory system / 医用生物力学

Objective To investigate the circulatory supporting effect of the third generation fully magnetically levitated China Heart ventricular assist device (CH-VAD) under heart failure (HF) condition.Methods An in vitro mock circulatory system (MCS) was developed.This system could simulate a healthy adult under resting state and a patient with heart failure,and incorporate the CH-VAD to evaluate the assisting performance under continuous flow mode.Furthermore,CH-VAD was equipped with a pulsatile flow controller and its initial performance was accessed.The pulsatile mode was obtained by using sinusoidal velocity waveform of the pump which synchronized the CH-VAD with the ventricle simulator of the MCS.Results CH-VAD under continuous flow mode could recover the hemodynamic parameters (arterial pressure and cardiac output) under HF condition to normal range.Preliminary pulsatile test results showed that amplitude of current pulse speed had a minor influence on the hemodynamic performance.CH-VAD under continuous flow and pulsatile flow mode could obtain comparable mean arterial pressure,systolic arterial pressure,diastolic arterial pressure and mean flow.Conclusions CH-VAD can generate a certain degree of speed pulse via appropriate pulsatility control,so as to provide sufficient support on ventricular function.Further optimization on pulsatile controller of CH-VAD is required to conform to natural physiology.The developed MCS can be utilized as an effective and controllable in vitro platform for design,optimization and verification of VADs or other mechanical circulatory support devices.

In vitro simulation experimental study of a fully magnetically levitated ventricular assist device based on mock circulatory system / 医用生物力学

Objective To investigate the circulatory supporting effect of the third generation fully magnetically levitated China Heart ventricular assist device (CH-VAD) under heart failure (HF) condition.Methods An in vitro mock circulatory system (MCS) was developed.This system could simulate a healthy adult under resting state and a patient with heart failure,and incorporate the CH-VAD to evaluate the assisting performance under continuous flow mode.Furthermore,CH-VAD was equipped with a pulsatile flow controller and its initial performance was accessed.The pulsatile mode was obtained by using sinusoidal velocity waveform of the pump which synchronized the CH-VAD with the ventricle simulator of the MCS.Results CH-VAD under continuous flow mode could recover the hemodynamic parameters (arterial pressure and cardiac output) under HF condition to normal range.Preliminary pulsatile test results showed that amplitude of current pulse speed had a minor influence on the hemodynamic performance.CH-VAD under continuous flow and pulsatile flow mode could obtain comparable mean arterial pressure,systolic arterial pressure,diastolic arterial pressure and mean flow.Conclusions CH-VAD can generate a certain degree of speed pulse via appropriate pulsatility control,so as to provide sufficient support on ventricular function.Further optimization on pulsatile controller of CH-VAD is required to conform to natural physiology.The developed MCS can be utilized as an effective and controllable in vitro platform for design,optimization and verification of VADs or other mechanical circulatory support devices.

Comparative descriptive anatomy of the femoral artery in crab-eating fox, hoary fox and maned wolf / Anatomia descritiva comparativa da artéria femoral de cachorro-do-mato, raposa-do-campo e lobo-guará

The goal of this study was to describe the anatomy of the femoral artery in wild canids such as the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), the hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus), and the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus). Two specimens from each canid group were used. Red dyed latex was injected in the arterial system of the animals, which were then fixed in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution and dissected following the routine techniques in macroscopic anatomy. In the three canid groups, the arterial pattern was similar to that described for domestic canids, in which the deep femoral artery rises from the external iliac artery, still in the abdominal cavity, and sends its first branch, the lateral circumflex femoral artery. A few muscular branches, one or two caudal femoral arteries, and the terminal branches ­ the descending genicular artery, the saphenous artery, and the popliteal artery ­ are all originated from the femoral artery. The origin pattern of these vessels also shows similarities with those from domestic canids, sometimes forming trunks and occasionally rising individually. Thus, it can be concluded that the anatomical pattern of the femoral artery and its branches in wild canids shows similarities with that from domestic canids, but inherent variations in each species are also present.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a anatomia da artéria femoral em canídeos selvagens, como o cachorro do mato (Cerdocyon thous), a raposa do campo (Lycalopex vetulus) e o lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus). Foram utilizados dois espécimes de cada grupo canídeo. Solução de látex vermelha foi injetada no sistema arterial dos animais, que foram então fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% e dissecados seguindo as técnicas rotineiras da anatomia macroscópica. Nos três grupos canídeos, o padrão arterial foi semelhante ao descrito para canídeos domésticos, em que a artéria femoral profunda origina da artéria ilíaca externa, ainda na cavidade abdominal, e envia seu primeiro ramo, a artéria femoral circunflexa lateral. Alguns ramos musculares, uma ou duas artérias femorais caudais e os ramos terminais - a artéria genicular descendente, a artéria safena e a artéria poplítea - são originários da artéria femoral. O padrão de origem desses vasos também mostra semelhanças com as de canídeos domésticos, às vezes formando troncos e ocasionalmente originando individualmente. Assim, pode-se concluir que o padrão anatômico da artéria femoral e seus ramos em canídeos selvagens mostra semelhanças com a dos canídeos domésticos, mas variações inerentes em cada espécie também estão presentes.(AU)

Construction of integrated organ-system oriented curriculum system of basic medical circulatory system in the practice of excellent doctor education training program / 中华医学教育探索杂志

In order to carry out the training objectives ofexcellent doctor education training pro-gram implemented by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health, an integrated organ-system oriented curriculum system of circulatory system was applied in five year clinical medicine education. The teaching contents of circulatory system from traditional Histology and Embryology, Physiology, Pathology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacology were integrated and optimized to compile the integrated circulatory sys-tem textbook. problem-based learning (PBL) and comprehensive morphology experimental teaching were implemented into the integrated circulatory system curriculum. Diversified examination methods including continuous assessment of PBL were used to evaluate the learning effect of students. As a result, a new cur-riculum model of circulatory system teaching was constructed. And on the base of this curriculum model, an innovation course research experiment was performed, a digital network teaching platform with 4A (anybody, anything, anywhere, anytime) was set up, and diversified teaching methods were applied. This new developing curriculum system is helpful for students to relate what they have learned in the basic sci-ences to clinical medicine, gain clinical thinking competence, lifelong skills of self-directed learning, in-novative thinking, and ability of scientific research and practice.

Origem e principais ramificações da artéria celíaca em avestruz (Struthio camelus, Linnaeus, 1758) / Origin and main ramifications of the celiac artery of the ostrich(Struthio camelus, Linnaeus, 1758)

Foram estudados os arranjos da artéria celíaca em 30 filhotes de avestruzes (15 machos e 15 fêmeas). O comprimento médio da artéria celíaca foi 0,33±0,08cm nos machos e 0,32±0,14cm nas fêmeas, não havendo diferença nesta medida entre sexos. Não houve correlação entre o comprimento rostrossacral e o comprimento da artéria celíaca em ambos os sexos. Sua origem ocorreu ao nível do sétimo espaço intercostal na maioria dos casos, ainda que a esqueletopia tenha variado independentemente do sexo.Seu território de irrigação incluiu o esôfago, pró-ventrículo, ventrículo, baço, fígado, pâncreas, duodeno, jejuno, íleo e cecos. A artéria celíaca origina-se da aorta descendente e fornece as artérias pró-ventricular dorsal e esplênica para posteriormente se dividir em ramos esquerdo e direito. Na maioria dos avestruzes, o ramo esquerdo ofereceu ramos para o esôfago, pró-ventrículo e ventrículo em padrões variados. O ramo direito irrigou inicialmente o pâncreas, emitiu uma artéria hepática direita para o fígado,uma artéria gástrica direita para o ventrículo e terminou como artéria pancreatico duodenal para o pâncreas e porções do duodeno.Finalmente, esta artéria emitiu numerosos ramos ileocecais para o íleo e cecos direito e esquerdo. Artérias duodenojejunais e jejunais surgiram apenas em 10% e 3,33% dos animais, respectivamente. Todos apresentaram a artéria marginalis intestini tenuispercorrendo a margem mesentérica do intestino delgado. Anastomoses de ramos da artéria celíaca com os oriundos da mesentérica cranial ocorreram em 20% dos casos.

The arrangement formed by the celiac artery in 30 ostrich chicks, 15 males and 15 females were studied. The average length of the celiac artery was 0.33±0.08 cm for male and 0.32±0.14cm in females, even though there was no difference of this measurement between genders. There was also no correlation between rostrossacral length and the length of the celiac artery in both sexes. Its origin was at the level of seventh intercostal space in most cases, despite a varied skeletopy which was independent of gender. Its territory of irrigation included esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard, liver, spleen, pancreas, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and bothcecum. The celiac artery leaves the aorta and originates pro-ventricular dorsal artery and splenic artery and thus splits into two other branches: left and right. In most ostriches, left branch offered branches to the esophagus, proventriculus and gizzard in severaldifferent patterns. The right branch irrigated first the pancreas and formed a right hepatic artery to the liver, a right gastric artery to the gizzard and finished as pancreatic duodenalis artery to supply the pancreas and the ascendens and descendens portions from duodenum. Finally, this artery has formed numerous ileocecal branches to ileum and to right and left cecum. Duodenojejunal and jejunal arteries were present only in 10% and 3.33% of the ostriches, respectively. All animals showed intestini tenuis marginalisartery transiting the mesenteric border of the small intestine. Anastomoses of the intestinal celiac branches with those from cranial mesenteric artery were found in 20% of cases.

Mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório no município de Ribeirão Preto - SP, de 1980 a 2004 / Mortality rates due to diseases of the circulatory system (DCS) in Ribeirão Preto - SP, from 1980 to 2004 / Mortalidad por enfermedades del aparato circulatorio en el municipio de Ribeirão Preto-SP, del 1980 a 2004

Fundamento: No âmbito da transição epidemiológica, estudos de tendência secular podem subsidiar a formulação de hipóteses para o gerenciamento em Saúde. Objetivo: Identificar o padrão de mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório (DAC) no município de Ribeirão Preto, SP, no período de 1980 a 2004. Métodos: Os óbitos por DAC foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). As estimativas populacionais para o município, segundo sexo, faixa etária e anos-calendário, foram obtidas do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Os coeficientes específicos de mortalidade foram calculados, anualmente, segundo sexo e faixa etária classificada em intervalos de 10 anos, a partir dos 30 anos de idade. O estudo de tendência foi realizado por meio da construção de modelos de regressão polinomial para séries históricas, adotando-se nível de significância < 0,05. Resultados: Os coeficientes específicos de mortalidade por DAC aumentaram com a idade, em ambos os sexos, sendo mais elevados no sexo masculino até a faixa etária de 40 a 49 anos, quando ocorreu aproximação em magnitude, sendo que, na faixa etária de 80 anos ou mais, esses indicadores, no sexo feminino e em alguns anos da série, ultrapassaram os do sexo masculino. Ao longo do período estudado, em ambos os sexos...

Introduction: In terms of epidemiologic transition, century-long trend studies may act as subsidies for health management hypotheses. Objective: Identify mortality rate pattern for diseases of the circulatory system (DCS) in Ribeirão Preto, SP (RP-SP), in the period between 1980 and 2004. Methods: The number of deaths due to DCS were obtained from the Mortality Information System (SIM). Populational estimates for RP-SP - taking gender, age group, and calendar years into account - were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Specific mortality rates were calculated on yearly basis according to gender and age group in 10-year intervals starting at 30 years of age. The trend analysis was conducted through polynomial regression models for time series. Significance level was < 0.05. Results: Specific mortality rates due to DCS increased with age both among males and females, being higher among males in the 40 to 49-year-old range. After that, figures were comparable, although at 80-year-old age groups data for females showed to be higher than that for males in some years of the series. Along the study period, significant reduction was observed for mortality rates among both males and females, and for all age ranges from those causes (p<0.001)...

Fundamento: En el ámbito de la transición epidemiológica, estudios de tendencia secular pueden proveer argumentos a la formulación de hipótesis para el gerenciamiento en la Salud. Objetivo: Identificar el estándar de mortalidad por enfermedades del aparato circultorio (EAC) en el municipio de Ribeirão Preto, SP, en el periodo del 1980 a 2004. Métodos: Se obtuvieron los óbitos EAC en el Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad (SIM). Se obtuvieron las estimaciones poblacionales para el municipio, según el sexo, el grupo de edad y los años calendarios en el Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Se calcularon anulamente los coeficientes específicos de mortalidad según el sexo y el grupo de edad, clasificados en intervalos de 10 años, a partir de los 30 años de edad. Se realizó un estudio de tendencia a través de la construcción de modelos de regresión polinomial para series históricas, adoptándose el nivel de significancia <0,05. Resultados: Los coeficientes específicos de mortalidad por EAC aumentaron con la edad, en ambos sexos, siendo más elevados en el sexo masculino hasta el grupo de edad de 40 a 49 años, cuando ocorrió aproximación en magnitud, siendo que en el grupo de edad de 80 años y más, esos indicadores, en el sexo femenino y en algunos años...

A Study on the Association between Ambient Daily Average Temperature and Daily Mortality of Circulatory System Diseases in Shenyang City,1992-2000 / 中国慢性病预防与控制

Objective To assess the association between air pollution and daily mortality of circulatory system diseases.Methods All death records of the deceased who lived in urban area of Shenyang and died from circulatory system disease during Jan 1,1992 to Dec 31,2000 were collected.We used the semi-parametric generalized additive model to study the relationship between short-term daily average temperature and daily mortality of circulatory system diseases after controlling the confounding factors of long-term trends,humidity,air pressure,work days and season,etc.Results The optimal temperature for all people was 23.4℃.And it was 23.6℃ for male and 23.2℃ for female.A significant graphically 'V' shape relationship between mortality caused by circulatory diseases and ambient temperature was found.The relationship between the temperature changes and the mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases was significant,but not significant with cerebrovascular diseases.The mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases increased 0.0275/100 000 while the temperature increasing each 1℃ above 23.4℃,and increased 0.0062/100 000 while temperature decreasing each 1℃ below 23.4℃.People over 65 years old were the most sensitive population for temperature changing,their mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases increased 1.1909/100 000 when the temperature increasing each 1℃ from 26.6℃.But people under 65 years old were not sensitive to temperature changing,their mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases was all less than 0.0011/100 000 no matter the temperature was higher or lower 1℃ from the optimal temperature.There was no significant difference of the effect of temperature changing on mortality caused by cardiovascular between male and female.Conclusion The "V" shape relationship between mortality caused by cardiovascular diseases and ambient temperature clues us on that temperature left from the optimal temperature could increase the death rate caused by cardiovascular diseases and temperature closed to the optimal temperature could decrease the death rate caused by cardiovascular diseases.